STRATEGIES OF THE USSR, IRAN, VENEZUELA AND NORTH KOREA FOR OVERCOMING SANCTIONS REGIMES

Abstract

Amid growing geopolitical tensions, economic sanctions have become a key instrument of coercion in international relations. However, their long-term consequences and the mechanisms of national economies’ adaptation to sanction pressure remain an area requiring systematic study, which determines the relevance of this research.
The purpose of this study is to identify patterns and key mechanisms of national economic adaptation to sanction pressure based on a comparative analysis of the historical experiences of the USSR, Iran, Venezuela, and North Korea.
The article presents a comparative analysis of the historical experience of adaptation to sanctions in four countries: the USSR, Iran, Venezuela, and North Korea. The research relies on the historical-economic method and a comparative approach, which make it possible to identify both universal patterns and specific features of adaptation strategies in different political and economic systems.
The article identifies the key factors determining economic resilience. It establishes that effective adaptation mechanisms include diversification of foreign trade relations and logistical corridors, the creation of alternative financial institutions and instruments (national payment systems, crypto-assets), as well as accelerated technological import substitution in strategic industries. It is shown that the effectiveness of these measures is determined by the type of economic system, the degree of its diversification, and, most importantly, the timeliness and comprehensiveness of their implementation.
The comparative analysis makes it possible to outline a set of measures for modern states under sanction pressure. Empirical evidence demonstrates that, despite the absence of a universal model, successful adaptation is possible through a synthesis of state strategic planning, stimulation of domestic markets, and active pursuit of alternative economic partners. The identified patterns are valuable for developing effective policies in the field of economic security.