China’s Foreign Economic Policy in Central Asia: Achievements and Challenges in the Energy Sector
https://doi.org/10.48137/26870703_2022_18_2_34
Abstract
The author analyzes the history and current state of China’s implementation of the "One Belt, One Road" initiative in Central Asia. The interim results of the initiative implementation are considered, first of all, in relation to the fuel and energy sectors of the post-Soviet Asian states. The article also studies the impact of a complex of problems and regional features that hinder the economic cooperation of Central Asian states with Chinese companies in the oil and gas and energy sectors on the implementation of the said initiative. A separate object of analysis was the content and impact of the growing negative public sentiment regarding cooperation with China in a number of countries in the region. The main prospects of economic cooperation between China and the Central Asian countries in the conditions of the observed rapid growth of global geopolitical and geoeconomic turbulence are also considered.
About the Author
A. V. Grozin
Institute of the CIS; Institute of Oriental Studies Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Andrey V. Grozin – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Head of Department of Central Asia and Kazakhstan of Institute of the CIS, Senior Researcher, Institute of Oriental Studies Russian Academy of Sciences.
2/1 Melnikov Ave., Khimki, Moscow region, 141410
References
1. Adyasov I., 2015. Russia – China: an analysis of the mistakes of Central Asia // http://ostkraft.ru/ru/articles/1709, accessed 20.02.2022. (In Russ.)
2. Akizhanov S., 2014. China has created a fund for the implementation of initiatives for the development of the land and sea Silk Road. International News Agency // http://www.inform.kz/rus/article/2714209, accessed 25.03.2022. (In Russ.)
3. Bugayenko A., 2020. Consequences of the coronavirus crisis for the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia // https://cabar.asia/ru/posledstviya-koronavirusnogo-krizisa-dlya-initsiativy-poyas-i-put-v-tsentralnoj-azii/, accessed 03.24.2022. (In Russ.)
4. Velichko A., 2022. Ayman Umarova: we have been preparing for the January events for at least two years // https://www.caravan.kz/gazeta/ajjman-umarova-k-yanvarskim-sobytiyam-gotovilis-minimum-dva-goda-827511/, accessed 03.24.2022. (In Russ.)
5. Vinogradov A., 2017. What is the "One Belt, One Road" project and what are the prospects for its "pairing" with the EAEU // http://www.sonar2050.org/publications/chto-takoe-kitayskiy-proekt-odin-poyas-odin-put-i-perspektivy-ego-sopryajeniya-s-rossiyskim-proekt/, accessed 23.01.2022. (In Russ.)
6. Zhanuzakov A., 2018. Will militant uyatmen win in Kazakhstan – expert opinions // https://365info.kz/2018/01/pobedyat-li-v-kazahstane-voinstvuyushhie-uyatmeny-mneniya-ekspertov, accessed 23.03.2022. (In Russ.)
7. Zotin A., 2017. One belt, many dead ends. Why China needs a new Silk Road // http://carnegie.ru/commentary/?fa=70057, accessed 24.02.2022. (In Russ.)
8. Ivanov R., 2021. Kazakhstan needs to revise trade energy relations – expert. Among others, this also applies to the oil and gas sector // https://wfin.kz/publikatsii/stati/45166-kazakhstanu-nuzhno-peresmatrivat-torgovye-energeticheskie-otnosheniya-ekspert.html, accessed 22.03.2022. (In Russ.)
9. Ivanov R., 2022. What threatens the end of the oil era for Kazakhstan? The share of oil in the global energy sector has been declining for several years // https://stanradar.com/news/full/41053-chem-grozit-konets-neftjanoj-ery-kazahstanu.html, accessed 30.08.2020. (In Russ.)
10. Isabaeva S., 2021. Flawed sinophobia. Why should Kazakhstan not be afraid of China? // https://qmonitor.kz/politics/3040, accessed 25.03.2022. (In Russ.)
11. Kapitonov S., Umarov T., 2020. Will the pipes burn? Does China need more gas from Russia and Central Asia // https://carnegie.ru/commentary/83536, accessed 26.03.2022. (In Russ.)
12. Kaukenov A., 2021. Economy of Kazakhstan sinophobia // https://ia-centr.ru/experts/adil-kaukenov/ekonomika-kazakhstanskoy-sinofobii /, accessed 25.03.2022. (In Russ.)
13. Kiseleva T., 2019. The Chinese economy is weakening: are there risks for Kazakhstan and tenge? // https://365info.kz/2019/01/kitajskaya-ekonomika-slabeet-est-li-riski-dlya-kazahstana-i-tenge-eksperty/, accessed 20.03.2022. (In Russ.)
14. Krek N. 2022. Are China, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan ready to start building a railway? // https://www.ritmeurasia.org/news--2022-03-20--gotovy-li-kitaj-kirgizija-i-uzbekistan-nachat-stroitelstvo-zheleznoj-dorogi-59092, accessed 27.03.2022. (In Russ.)
15. Mazorenko D., 2016. Raw monotony: Should we expect a boom in Kazakhstan’s economic relations with China? // https://vlast.kz/jekonomika/15576-syrevaa-monotonnost-stoit-li-ozidat-buma-v-ekonomiceskih-otnoseniah-kazahstana-s-kitaem.html, accessed 13.02.2022. (In Russ.)
16. Malaev M., 2016. Came, saw, bought: China in the CIS countries // https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4112133, accessed 18.02.2022. (In Russ.)
17. Masaulov S., 2018. Nationalists in the political spectrum of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan // https://ia-centr.ru/experts/natsionalisty-v-politicheskom-spektre-kazakhstana-i-kyrgyzstana /, accessed 10.08.2021. (In Russ.)
18. Muminov A., 2019. Will Kazakhstan become a gas power? // https://camonitor.kz/32618-stanet-li-kazahstan-gazovoy-derzhavoy.html, accessed 17.02.2022. (In Russ.)
19. Niva Ya., 2020. Chinese investments in Central Asia: hydropower // https://russian.eurasianet.org/китайские-инвестиции-в-центральной-азии-гидроэнергетика, accessed 03.21.2022. (In Russ.)
20. Hovhannisyan A., 2019. The Malacca dilemma: current challenges and the search for solutions // https://orbeli.am/ru/post/241/2019-06-26/Малаккская+dilemma+%3A+current+challenges+and+search+solutions, accessed 20.03.2022. (In Russ.)
21. Panchenko T., 2019. Kazakhstan should not be afraid of China // https://forbes.kz/process/expertise/ekspertyi_boyatsya_nado_ne_kitaya_a_sobstvennoy_syirevoy_zavisimosti/, accessed 17.03.2022. (In Russ.)
22. Pustovoitova E., 2021. The changes taking place in the world now are not a contest of numbers. Western dead end and Chinese exit // https://www.fondsk.ru/news/2021/04/25/proishodjaschie-sejchas-v-mire-izmenenija-eto-ne-sostjazanie-cifr-53445.html, accessed 17.03.2022. (In Russ.)
23. Rizoev M., 2020. What attracts China so much... // https://polit-asia.kz/chem-tak-manit-kitaj/, accessed 18.02.2022. (In Russ.)
24. Rozov M., 2019. Anti-Chinese sentiment in Kazakhstan. Versions and facts // https:// www.ritmeurasia.org/news--2019-09-15--antikitajskie-nastroenija-v-kazahstane.-versii-i-fakty-44863, accessed 19.02.2022. (In Russ.)
25. Saipov Z., 2012. China is increasing its importance in Central Asia // http://www.warandpeace.ru/ru/exclusive/view/73316 /, accessed 13.11.2021. (In Russ.)
26. Satpayev D., 2017. What is good for China, Kazakhstan should be alerted // http://ratel.kz/outlook/chto_kitaju_horosho_to_kazahstan_dolzhno_nastorozhit, accessed 12.03.2022. (In Russ.)
27. Smirnov S., 2021. Who will go into exploration in Kazakhstan? Geological // https:// www.ritmeurasia.org/news--2021-10-04--kto-pojdet-v-kazahstane-v-razvedku-geologicheskuju-56705, accessed 18.02.2022. (In Russ.)
28. Tarasevich V., 2020. Construction of Turkmenistan – China gas pipeline tunnel is being completed in Tajikistan // https://tj.sputniknews.ru/country/20200128/1030620577/tajikistan-tonnelj-gazoprovod-turkmenistan-china.html, accessed 28.01.2020. (In Russ.)
29. Umarov T., 2021. Everyone’s friend. Will Russia and China be able to oust the USA from Kazakhstan // https://carnegie.ru/commentary/84968, accessed 18.08.2021. (In Russ.)
30. Umarov T., 2020. On the way to Pax Sinica: what China’s Expansion brings to Central Asia // https://carnegie.ru/commentary/81265, accessed 27.02.2022. (In Russ.)
31. Shnirelman V., 2009. The symbolic past. The struggle for ancestors in Central Asia // https://magazines.gorky.media/nz/2009/4/simvolicheskoe-proshloe-borba-za-predkov-v-czentralnoj-azii.html, accessed 19.03.2022. (In Russ.)
32. Hasanov H., 2019. China remains biggest importer of Turkmen gas // https://en.trend.az/business/energy/3137277.html, accessed 26.02.2022. (In Russ.)
33. Hess M., 2020. Central Asia’s Force Majeure Fears: Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on China’s Natural Gas Supply Demands // https://www.fpri.org/article/2020/03/central-asias-force-majeure-fears-impact-of-covid-19-outbreak-on-chinas-natural-gas-supply-demands/, accessed 27.03.2022. (In Russ.)
34. Speech by Chinese President Xi Jinping at Nazarbayev University // http://kz.china-embassy.org/rus/zhgx/201309/t20130916_1045309.htm, accessed 25.03.2022. (In Russ.)
35. The third Plenum of the CPC Central Committee of the 18th convocation // http://ru.china-embassy.org/rus/ztbd/sbjszqh /, accessed 25.03.2022. (In Russ.)
36. China has signed more than 130 agreements on cooperation in the transport field with countries along the Belt and Road // http://russian.people.com.cn/n3/2017/0421/c31518-9205740.html, accessed 25.03.2022. (In Russ.)
37. Trade Map. According to the International Trade Center // https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%, accessed 25.03.2022. (In Eng.)
38. Chinese presence in Kazakhstan’s oil industry is higher than statistics show – expert // http://berlek-nkp.com/analitics/10316-kitayskoe-prisutstvie-v-neftyanke-kazahstana-vyshe-chem-pokazyvaet-statistika-ekspert.html, accessed 25.03.2022. (In Russ.)
39. How and why China helps to industrialize Central Asia // https://www.caa-network.org/archives/22283, accessed 26.03.2022. (In Russ.)
40. Uzbekistan wants to increase gas supplies to China and to establish its export to Europe // http://www.fergananews.com/news/26522, accessed 25.03.2022. (In Russ.)
41. About the "tightening" of Kazakhstan into the orbit of China // https://kz.expert/ru/materials/analitika/1034_o_zatyagivanii_kazahstana_v_orbitu_kitaya, accessed 22.03.2022. (In Russ.)
42. How and why China is helping to industrialize Central Asia // https://www.caa-network.org/archives/22283, accessed 26.03.2022. (In Russ.)
43. What will the cooling of relations with China mean for Kazakhstan? // https://qmonitor.kz/politics/1904, accessed 23.03.2022. (In Russ.)
44. How and why China is helping to industrialize Central Asia // https://www.caa-network.org/archives/22283, accessed 26.03.2022. (In Russ.)
Review
For citations:
Grozin A.V. China’s Foreign Economic Policy in Central Asia: Achievements and Challenges in the Energy Sector. Geoeconomics of Energetics. 2022;(2):34-61. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.48137/26870703_2022_18_2_34
Views:
88
Email this article 