This article analyzes the impact of the large-scale energy crisis triggered by the blockade of the Strait of Hormuz and the escalation of geopolitical tensions around Iran on the global oil and gas industry and the global economy. It argues that the current shock differs from the crises of the 1970s and 1980s in that it features a more significant, immediate drop in oil volumes from the market and a different nature of the shortage, shifting the focus from a physical shortage of fuel to price and financial effects. It demonstrates the key role of strategic energy reserves and oil stored on tankers in mitigating the short-term shortage, as well as their long-term contribution to prolonging the crisis through the need for subsequent reserve replenishment. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the crisis on Russia’s export positions, the dynamics of the discount/premium to Brent crude, budget revenues and the tax base, as well as the transformation of Russia’s orientation toward the markets of China, India, and other countries of the Global South. The article analyzes new EU sanctions mechanisms (including discussions of the 20th sanctions package), attacks on export infrastructure, restrictions on the «shadow fleet,» and the prospects for Russian LNG as flows shift to Asian markets. It examines changes in the behavior of key Gulf exporters, including the UAE’s withdrawal from OPEC and the associated risks of disrupting the OPEC/ OPEC+ coordination formats, as well as the possible redistribution of regulatory roles between regional and external players. Scenarios for the fragmentation of global trade, the growing importance of overland routes and integration blocs (BRICS+, CIS, etc.), and the formation of a more regionalized architecture of energy and trade ties are discussed. It concludes that the global energy sector is entering a phase of structural turbulence and a gradual transition from the globalization model to a combination of regional and bloc cooperation formats.

Southeast Asia is experiencing a growing demand for electricity, driven by rapid industrialization and overall economic development. This trend, combined with the build-up of institutional capacity at both regional and national levels and the decentralized structure of power systems in the region’s countries, shapes the choice of foreign contractors and their export strategies. Russia, with its extensive experience across numerous foreign markets, offers a turnkey model accompanied by guarantees of the full nuclear fuel cycle and project-specific agreements that allow for flexible participation formats (including the BOO model – build-own-operate). China, by contrast, can leverage shorter construction timelines, a potentially larger pool of state financial resources, and enhanced institutional coordination under the Belt and Road Initiative. The geographical features of the Southeast Asian countries favor the use of small modular reactors (SMR), despite the fact that the operational experience of such technological solutions is still limited. A number of additional, and often decisive, factors further affect vendor selection: close security and economic ties that some regional states maintain with Western partners such as the United States, France, Japan, and South Korea; balancing policies between Washington and Beijing; Russia’s technological leadership in the nuclear sector; and persistent tensions in the South China Sea. Taken together, these elements shape the emerging configuration and future trajectory of nuclear power development in Southeast Asia. The study notes that the choice of a supplier in the field of nuclear technologies by an individual recipient country will be determined not so much by the proposed technological solution as by a set of interdependent factors.

The article examines the institutional, market, and infrastructure implications for the European Union gas market that arise from the simultaneous impact of two major constraints: the sanctions-driven ban on imports of Russian liquefied natural gas (LNG) starting in 2027 and the extension of EU regulatory requirements, including the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), to external suppliers, primarily from the United States and Qatar. Based on a qualitative institutional analysis and a review of EU regulatory acts, European Commission materials, and ACER reports, it is demonstrated that the impact of these measures goes beyond a simple replacement of Russian volumes and affects supply logistics, the structure of long-term contracts, and the functioning of hub-based pricing, thereby altering market access conditions for external suppliers.
The article explores the institutional consequences of applying CSDDD requirements to companies such as QatarEnergy, Cheniere, ExxonMobil, and other exporters. These consequences include tighter legal obligations, a reconfiguration of risk allocation in long-term contracts, and the emergence of conditions in which supply security depends not on the physical availability of gas in global markets but on the regulatory compatibility of supply chains with EU requirements. The study finds that as the market share of the United States and Qatar expands within the EU, liquidity at major trading hubs declines, while price formation increasingly shifts toward longterm agreements, where pricing more often relies on external benchmarks rather than hub quotations. Taking these transmission channels into account, the article identifies several possible trajectories for the EU gas market in 2027–2030, which differ in how suppliers respond to the Union’s regulatory framework.

The article examines the transformation of the global energy order, which, according to the author, represents a shift from American hegemony to asymmetric multipolarity with a key role for China. The shifting balance of power is leading to an increased geopolitical uncertainty and a transformation of the global energy order. The author analyzes China’s position in this process. While remaining the world’s largest importer of hydrocarbons, China is simultaneously becoming one of the technological leaders in clean energy. It is shown that China’s energy transition strategy is closely linked to the objectives of domestic economic modernization and ensuring the country’s energy security amid geopolitical instability.
The article examines in detail China’s foreign policy strategy of forming an «energy superpower» (能源强国), which includes consolidating technological leadership in the energy sector, strengthening influence over global energy policy, promoting the yuan for the dedollarization of global energy settlements, and creating alternative financial institutions. Its implementation relies on multilateral mechanisms (SCO, BRICS, ASEAN), while the main material platform is the Belt and Road Initiative with its new model of «third-party market cooperation» (第三方市场合作模式). Special attention is paid to the influence of two factors on China’s external energy strategy: the dominant role of coal in the national energy mix and geopolitical instability in energy-supplying countries.
The authors concludes that the shifting global balance of power makes the transformation of the energy order inevitable, and China, as the world’s largest energy consumer, plays a crucial role in the formation of a new global energy order.

The article examines the decentralized model of India’s energy policy as a key factor underpinning the adaptability of the national energy system in the context of contemporary energy challenges. The authors analyzed the institutional features of energy sector management, including the distribution of powers between the federal center (strategic coordination), industry departments (legal and institutional formalization of areas of activity) and state governments (implementation of projects and ensuring local energy security), which, in the absence of a regulatory strategy, allows the system to quickly adapt to changing external conditions. The structure of India’s energy system is explored with particular attention to regional specialization and the functional roles of individual energy segments. The Indian energy sector remains anchored by the coal industry, concentrated in the east of the country and powering its coal-fired generating capacity. Solar, wind, and hydroelectric potential is concentrated in the west and south of India, but developing these resources is hampered by climate, socioeconomic, and other conditions. The study further investigates how India’s energy system maintained stability during the 2021–2022 energy crisis. Granting states additional powers in the energy sector and creating a dual-loop system within the energy sector (coal and renewable energy) played a key role in overcoming the emerging challenges. The authors identified adaptation mechanisms at the regional, corporate, and federal levels that ensure stability in the Indian energy sector. They conclude that this decentralized governance model contributes to the creation of a system less susceptible to external shocks and prevents the emergence of crises in the Indian market.

The Belt and Road Initiative is gradually taking shape as a key institutional platform for international energy cooperation. Natural gas, as a critical transitional energy carrier in the context of global lowcarbon development, plays a significant role in ensuring the sustainability of economic interaction and energy security among the participating countries. This study focuses on the Belt and Road countries as its research object. Based on UN Comtrade data, the paper constructs a directed weighted network of natural gas trade for 132 Belt and Road countries over the period 2014–2023. Indicators such as density, reciprocity, average clustering coefficient, and giant component size are calculated. Community analysis is performed using the Louvain method. The results show that the network scale increased by 47.3 %, yet density remains low and trade relations are predominantly onesided. China is the absolute centre in terms of imports, while export roles are distributed among Turkmenistan, Qatar and Russia (multipolarity). Community modularity declined from 0.647 to 0.293, indicating a weakening of regional closure and a shift towards a more integrated global network. Regional isolated blocs are gradually converging, giving rise to a larger trading community encompassing Russia, Central Asia, the Middle East and China. The findings indicate a strengthening of gas cooperation and a greater degree of integration within the natural gas trading system among the countries participating in the Belt and Road initiative.

In the current context of unprecedented sanctions pressure and geopolitical turbulence, the preservation and protection of intellectual property rights registered abroad is of critical significance not only for Russian rightsholders but also for national economic security. This study is devoted to developing intellectual property management strategies that ensure the preservation of Russian companies’ capital under conditions of sanctions-induced isolation. The objective of this research is to systematize the primary intellectual property (hereinafter referred to as IP) management strategies employed by Russian companies in the current climate and to develop an optimal IP management model considering identified problems and risks.
The authors analyzed trends in foreign applicants’ activity in the Russian Federation, identified the principal tactics Russian companies use to restructure their IP portfolios and the related risks, and proposed an optimal multi-level IP-management model for Russian businesses that adapts to large-scale sanctions pressure.
The main result of the study was the proposed three-level IP ownership model. The study’s conclusions confirm the insufficiency of ad-hoc measures and highlight the necessity of transitioning to proactive strategic planning to minimize the risks of losing control over the IP portfolio and ensure the long-term sustainability of business in new geo-economic conditions. Additionally, practical and legally substantiated recommendations for business were developed. Organizations can apply these results under a sanctions regime to help maintain economic stability and concentrate a larger share of their assets within the Russian Federation.

This series of articles analyzes the economic potential of the domestic oil, gas, and gas chemical industries as a strategic tool for addressing the challenges of social and industrial gasification programs for domestic production facilities in the context of sanctions restrictions. The relevance of the study stems from the need to ensure energy and import independence, implement import substitution policies, and sustainably develop Russian enterprises with a focus on the Asia-Pacific Region in a dramatically changed foreign economic environment, particularly against the backdrop of processes unfolding in the global gas and petrochemical product markets. The goal of this applied research is to identify approaches, scenarios, and economic instruments for the successful implementation of national and federal gas chemical development projects and social gasification and pre-gasification programs within a strategic framework. Achieving this goal requires solving numerous problems. Some of the tasks related to import substitution, the production of new materials, industrial clustering, energy generation, and the digitalization of industries are discussed in detail and illustrated with examples. Within the framework of a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach, the authors of the article applied the methodology of strategizing, used the methods and techniques of activity comparative studies, methods and techniques of statistical and economic analysis, as well as various sources of relevant information. Particular attention was paid to mechanisms that enable the localization of gas chemical production in the form of industrial clusters and the creation of modern infrastructure through long-term government contracts. It is proven that such a mechanism of industry interaction between economic entities can support the development of the petrochemical industry, become a catalyst for import substitution, stimulate interregional cooperation, the development of innovative technologies and meet the growing demand for energy resources. The first part of the article analytically documented domestic achievements in the new petrochemical industry and identified Russia’s place in the global mineral fertilizer market.